稀释每股收益计算问题研究

潜在稀释性证券是指赋予持有者在报告期或以后期间享有普通股权利的一种金融工具或其他合同。在计算和列报"稀释每股收益"时,考虑潜在稀释性证券的影响,可以提供一个更可比、更有用的财务指标。但是不同的潜在稀释性证券存在着不同的稀释能力,本文将基于增量股每股收益法,提出对于评价潜在稀释性证券稀释能力的一些看法和思考。     

政府补助企业的主要动机研究——基于我国A股上市公司面板数据的实证检验

上市公司获得的政府补助数额巨大且逐年增长，引起了广泛的质疑，而现有研究对政府补助企业的动机尚无一致的结论。基于理性经济人理论，考虑制度更改和环境变化的影响，以2007—2015年我国上市公司为研究样本，实证检验政府补助企业的主要动机，结果表明：政府补助企业的主要动机在于扩大就业和帮助上市公司“保牌”，最终目的是促进经济的增长；而增加税收和帮助上市公司达到配股要求不是政府补助企业主要考虑的因素，也没有明显证据证明国有企业比民营企业更容易获得政府补助。应完善资本市场退市制度，加强对政府补助的审批和监管，提高政府补助的资源配置效率，并积极引导政府补助发挥更好的社会效益。     

Beyond Tax Avoidance: Offshore Firms’ Institutional Environment and Financial Reporting Quality*

We explore how firms’ operations in Offshore Financial Centers (OFCs) through subsidiaries or affiliates affect the quality of financial reporting. Using a unique and large sample of firms that have headquarters in the 15 countries with the strictest legal regimes and have subsidiaries or affiliates in OFCs, we find that such firms exhibit lower financial reporting quality than comparable firms without OFC operations. We also find that as OFC characteristics become more prevalent, firms are more likely to engage in both accrual‐based and real earnings management. More importantly, after disentangling OFC characteristics into the opportunity for tax avoidance, regulation arbitrage and secrecy policies, we find that beyond tax avoidance, regulation arbitrage and the secrecy policies of OFCs significantly affect financial reporting quality. The causal effect of OFC operations is supported by the analysis of financial reporting quality when firms set up OFC operations. Our findings are robust to various additional tests addressing potential endogeneity issues. We conclude that the assessment of a firm's institutional environment must encompass the registration status of its subsidiaries or affiliates as well as its own.     

ON VALUING STOCHASTIC PERPETUITIES USING NEW LONG HORIZON STOCK PRICE MODELS DISTINGUISHING BOOMS,BUSTS, AND BALANCED MARKETS

For longer horizons, assuming no dividend distributions, models for discounted stock prices in balanced markets are formulated as conditional expectations of nontrivial terminal random variables defined at infinity. Observing that extant models fail to have this property, new models are proposed. The new concept of a balanced market proposed here permits a distinction between such markets and unduly optimistic or pessimistic ones. A tractable example is developed and termed the discounted variance gamma model. Calibrations to market data provide empirical support. Additionally, procedures are presented for the valuation of path dependent stochastic perpetuities. Evidence is provided for long dated equity linked claims paying coupon for time spent by equity above a lower barrier, being underpriced by extant models relative to the new discounted ones. Given the popularity of such claims, the resulting mispricing could possibly take some corrections. Furthermore for these new discounted models, implied volatility curves do not flatten out at the larger maturities.     

Corporate Social Performance,Competitive Advantage,Earnings Persistence and Firm Value

In this paper, using a generalised valuation framework inspired by Ohlson, we show that corporate social performance (CSP) is value relevant and that, in particular, it appears to be associated with a higher coefficient on earnings. This could be attributable to either a lower cost of equity for these firms, or greater earnings persistence. We show that, once industry membership is controlled for, any cost of capital effect is minimal. Regression tests based on realised earnings confirm that the valuation effect is attributable mainly to greater earnings persistence in firms with higher levels of CSP. These outcomes are consistent with higher CSP conferring a competitive advantage on firms.     

Individual Large Shareholders,Earnings Management,and Capital‐Market Consequences

Using a large hand‐collected sample of all blockholders (ownership ≥ 5%) of S&P 1500 firms for the years 2002–2009, we first document significant individual blockholder effects on earnings management (accrual‐based earnings management, real earnings management, and restatements). This association is driven primarily by these large shareholders influencing rather than selecting firms’ financial reporting practices. Second, the market's reaction to earnings announcements suggests that investors recognize the heterogeneity in blockholders’ influence on earnings management. The results highlight the highly individualized effects of blockholders and a mechanism through which shareholders impact reported earnings.     

Too Good to be True? An Analysis of the Options Market's Reactions to Earnings Releases

Using option implied risk neutral return distributions before and after earnings announcements, we study the option market's reaction to extreme events over earnings announcements. While earnings announcements generally reduce short‐term uncertainty about the stock price, very good news does not reduce uncertainty and slightly bad news actually increases uncertainty. We also find that left tail probabilities decrease over earnings releases while right tail probabilities increase. We interpret these findings as evidence of maintained investor expectations that very good news is generally not released during earnings announcements, combined with skepticism in the form of lingering uncertainty at the release of such very good news.     

Myopic market pricing and managerial myopia

This paper develops a firm‐level measure of myopic market pricing, which captures the extent to which the market overvalues short‐term expected abnormal earnings relative to longer‐term ones. The empirical analysis shows that myopically priced firms manage earnings more actively and invest less in R&D. The impact of myopic market pricing is concentrated in firms where managers cater more to market pricing, that is, in firms with greater short‐term investor ownership, with CEO compensation that is more sensitive to the firm share price, and with higher equity dependence. Additional tests show that these findings are robust to the consideration of market (under)overpricing. The results suggest that when managers cater to market pricing, market myopia encourages managerial myopia.     

Revisiting the labor supply effect of social security earnings test: New evidence from its elimination and reinstatement in Japan

We explore the labor supply effect of the social security earnings test in Japan on those aged 65–69 years through a combined examination of the elimination of the earnings test in 1985 and its reinstatement in 2002. We present evidence showing that the effects of changes in the earnings tests on the labor supply of the elderly are not symmetric, controlling for changes in the attributes of workers and firms. The repeal of the earnings test in 1985 did affect the earnings distribution of the elderly (especially for male), while its reinstatement in 2002 did not alter the earnings distribution.     

黑龙江省上市公司盈余管理研究

以黑龙江省23家A股上市公司共138个子公司为样本,选取2006-2011年的数据对应急盈余管理和真实盈余管理所进行的分析结果表明,黑龙江省上市公司普遍存在,各公司真实盈余管理水平相差较大;有一半以上的公司倾向于采取应计盈余管理进行正向操控,而采用真实营盈余管理进行负向操控;应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理的变化总体呈相反趋势;各行业、地区的盈余管理相差较大。在今后的研究中,应加强对公司盈余管理的遏制,从而促进黑龙江省经济的健康发展。